The effect of zinc levels in a gold-based alloy on porcelain–metal bonding

Abstract

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the amount of Zn in gold alloys contributes to porcelain–metal bonding. MethodsExperiments were carried out using a commercial Pd-free gold alloy with a nominal composition of 88.7wt% Au, 9.49wt% Pt, 1.5wt% Zn, 0.1wt% Mn, 0.2wt% Rh, and 0.1wt% Ir, which contains Zn and no other elements (In, Sn, Fe) known to affect porcelain–metal bond strength. To establish the effect of oxidation of the metal surface, porcelain was applied both to preoxidized and to non-preoxidized metal specimens. The bond strength was evaluated by means of the ISO 9693: 1999 crack initiation test. A conventional gold alloy was used as a control. The elemental distributions at the porcelain/alloy interfaces were analyzed in cross section by electron probe microanalysis. Additionally, after the bond strength test, cross-sections of the interfaces of the debonded specimens were microscopically analyzed to characterize the fracture mode. ResultsThe Pd-free gold alloy joints showed significantly higher bond strength values than joints made with conventional gold alloy. Preoxidation treatment significantly increases the bond strength, in the preoxidized joints Zn was highly localized at the interface and diffused into the porcelain up to about 10μm from the interface, and the joint failed by cohesive fracture in the porcelain. In contrast, the non-preoxidized joint showed mainly adhesive fracture at the porcelain/alloy interface. SignificanceThe presence of Zn in gold alloys plays a part in establishing chemical bonding thus improving the bond strength between porcelain and alloy.