The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer's Patches.

Kazimierz Obremski,Wojciech Trybowski,Paweł Wojtacha,Łukasz Zielonka,Magdalena Gajęcka,Józef Tyburski

doi:10.3390/toxins12060350

Kazimierz Obremski, Wojciech Trybowski + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060350

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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN), administered per os to gilts at doses equivalent to 50%, 100%, and 150% of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) values for 14, 28, and 42 days during weaning, on changes in the parameters of the oxidoreductive balance, cytokine secretion, and basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches. Immunoenzymatic ELISA tests and biochemical methods were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin 1α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 12/23p40, interleukin 2, interferon γ, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, fructose, glucose, and proline, as well as the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The study demonstrated that ZEN doses corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of NOAEL values, i.e., 5 µg, 10 µg, and 15 µg ZEN/kg BW, respectively, have proinflammatory properties, exacerbate oxidative stress responses, and disrupt basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches in gilts.

Highlights

Zearalenone (ZEN) is regarded as one of the most frequently occurring mycotoxins in the world [1,2,3]
In morphometric analyses of porcine vulvae and uteri in animals exposed to ZEN, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for ZEN was determined at 10.4 μg ZEN/kg Body weight (BW)/day for piglets and 40 μg ZEN/kg BW/day for mature female pigs [25]
The authors aimed to determine whether the established limits for protecting pigs against the estrogenic effects of ZEN are safe for gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) homeostasis

Summary

Introduction

Zearalenone (ZEN) is regarded as one of the most frequently occurring mycotoxins in the world [1,2,3]. The above applies to pre-pubertal gilts where ZEN induces symptoms of ovarian cysts, uterine edema, and early maturation of ovarian follicles [8,9]. In pre-pubertal gilts, exposure to ZEN causes edema and thickening of the vaginal wall and the lining of the vulva, increases uterus weight, and leads to ovarian atrophy and intensified proliferation of the epithelium of the uterine mucosa within 3 to 7 days [10]. In pregnant and lactating pigs, exposure to ZEN reduces the number of follicles in F1-generation piglets, which can lead to the premature recruitment of the oocyte pool in subsequent stages of development [11]

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