Abstract
The effect of modifying yield stress on turbulent pipe flow of generalised Newtonian fluids at a friction Reynolds number of 323 is investigated using direct numerical simulations. Simulations are carried out for Bingham and Herschel–Bulkley fluids with the yield stress varying from 0% to 20% of the mean wall shear stress. Results show that the effect of increasing yield stress is mostly similar to shear thinning in power-law fluids. The turbulent viscous stress which arises due to viscosity fluctuations is negative for a yield stress fluid and is higher in magnitude for higher yield stress. An analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy budget showed that the effect of yield stress is mainly significant near the wall for y+≲60 which was also seen for shear-thinning power-law fluids at similar Reτ. Additional shear thinning enhances the yield stress effect. The main difference between shear thinning and yield stress is that the effect of yield stress is maximum outside the viscous sublayer whereas shear thinning has a more significant effect inside the viscous sublayer.
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