Abstract
Ontogenesis is a complex process of morphophysiological transformations. Embryonic and postembryonic development is continuously affected by both endogenous and environmental factors, which lead to variability in morphometric parameters. The research was conducted in the laboratory of ecological embryology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the North Osetian Federal University (Vladikavkaz). The results showed that under the influence of bentonite extract, the morphological parameters of green toad larvae with a brown phenotype are more variable than in larvae with an olive green phenotype in both the control and experimental groups. Thus, the embryos and larvae of the green toad with the olive green phenotype are more stable than the larvae that had the brown phenotype, both in natural circumstances and under the influence of bentonite clay extracts.
Highlights
The emergence of the species was accompanied by the adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions, the appearance of useful mutations, fixed by natural selection
In the comparative analysis of the average values of the parametric Student's t-test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test, the results showed that the linear dimensions of the larvae in the experimental group significantly become smaller compared with the control group (Fig.1)
The distribution of frequencies of occurrence of the parameters in the larvae of the green toad, which had the olive green phenotype, as in the control and experimental groups do not differ from the normal distribution of all compared morphometric parameters of body length (K.-S.=0.122, P>0.05; K.-S.=0.1124, P>0.05), the tail length (K.-S.=0.156, P>0.05; K.S.=0.0942, P>0.05), torso length (K.-S.=0.158, P0.05), the tail height at the root (K.-S.=0.154, P>0.05; K-P=0.145, P>0.05)
Summary
The emergence of the species was accompanied by the adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions, the appearance of useful mutations, fixed by natural selection. Each species is characterized by a certain range of hereditarily fixed variability, that is, the scope of physiological adaptation to environmental changes. The course of evolution creates its own relations to the external environment, its own range of adaptations to changing conditions. Ontogenesis – is a complex process of morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations that an organism undergoes, during which a natural change in phenotypes specific to the given species is manifested. Ecological factors of the environment during embryonic and postembryonic development can cause morphological variability of individuals within the normal response range or lead to disruption of the normal course of development, causing abnormalities in development up to death. Short-term exposure to bentonite extracts has a positive effect on the body parameters of amphibian larvae, while longer exposure has a negative effect on the morphometric parameters of larvae [4, 5, 6]
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