The Effect of Volume Loading on Systemic Oxygenation After Bidirectional Superior Cavopulmonary Anastomosis

Abstract

The unique series arrangement of the cerebral and pulmonary circulation in bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA) makes the pulmonary blood flow dependent upon the cerebral blood flow. Until now, several investigators have tried to correct post-BCPA hypoxemia with various methods such as induced hyperventilation, the addition of carbon dioxide, and inhaled nitric oxide with variable success rates. We prospectively studied 25 children with univentricular physiology undergoing BCPA surgery at 5 different time points in the preoperative (1 time point) and postoperative period (4 time points, each separated by at least 3 mm Hg changes in the superior vena cava [SVC] pressure). Intravenous fluids were administered in the postoperative period to raise the SVC pressure. The systemic arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) increased significantly (p = 0.000) from a preoperative value of 80% ± 7% to 86% ± 7%, 91% ± 3% and 95% ± 4% at SVC pressures of 9 ± 1.6 mm Hg, 13 ± 1.3 mm Hg, and 16 ± 1.4 mm Hg, respectively, and then decreased to 94% ± 4% at SVC pressure of 20 ± 1.7 mm Hg. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly and simultaneously with SVC pressure from 71 ± 8 mm Hg and 42 ± 6 mm Hg to 89 ± 11 mm Hg and 52 ± 7 mm Hg, respectively (p = 0.000). Administration of intravenous fluids improves the SVC pressure, possibly due to an increase in the cerebral blood flow and the SVC flow, and thus raises the arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) and Sao2. Each patient has a unique SVC pressure where the Sao2 and the Pao2 are maximum; beyond that limit, the Sao2 does not improve.