Abstract
This paper identifies a new mechanism that can affect the discharge coefficient of critical nozzle flows. Specifically, vibrational relaxation effects are demonstrated to significantly influence the discharge coefficient of selected gases in critical venturi flows. This phenomenon explains why certain gases — like carbon dioxide — exhibit calibration characteristics that differ significantly from other gases (e.g., N 2, O 2, Ar, He, and H 2). A mathematical model is developed which predicts this behavior, and vibrational non-equilibrium effects are further substantiated by two independent experiments.
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