Abstract
Soil particles and bound nutrients that erode from agricultural land may end up in surface waters and cause undesirable changes to the environment. Various measures, among them constructed wetlands have been proposed as mitigation, but their efficiency varies greatly. This work was motivated by the assumption that the induced coagulation of particles may accelerate sedimentation in such wetlands and by that help reduce the amount of material that is lost from the vicinity of the diffuse source. Our specific aim was to laboratory-test the effectiveness of various salt-based coagulants in accelerating the process of sedimentation. We tested the effect of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+ and Al3+ cations in 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1 doses added to a soil solution in select, soluble forms of their chlorides, sulphates and hydroxides. We mixed such salts with 1 gram of physically dispersed, clay and silt rich (>85% in total) soil material in 500 mL of solution and used time-lapse photography and image analysis to evaluate the progress of sedimentation over 3 hours. We found that 20-40 mg L-1 doses of Mg2+, Ca2+ in their chloride or sulphate forms appeared to provide the best consensus in terms of efficiently accelerating sedimentation using environmentally present and acceptable salts but keeping their dosage to a minimum. Comprehensive in-field efficiency and environmental acceptability testing is warranted prior to any practical implementation, as well as an assessment of small scale economic and large-scale environmental benefits by retaining soil and nutrients at/near the farm.
Highlights
The loss of significant amounts of soil particles and valuable nutrients from land-based agriculture due to erosion processes is a global problem and is among the primary polluters to surface waters in Norway [1]
The soil is a Gleyic Stagnosol that was formed from marine sediment, and represents the type of soil material that often erodes into waterbodies in the region
No further treatment was applied in order to preserve the chemical composition of the soil. This soil mix contained 13.9% clay (< 2μm), 73.1% silt (2–50 μm), 10.7% very find sand (50–100 μm), 2.4% fine sand (100–250 μm), and no medium or coarse sand according to the USDA [24] system (Fig 1)
Summary
The loss of significant amounts of soil particles and valuable nutrients from land-based agriculture due to erosion processes is a global problem and is among the primary polluters to surface waters in Norway [1]. It is an economic and sustainability issue for farmers, and the water quality issues downstream are a concern to local and national governments and to the general public. Sediment and nutrients that are not captured close to their source will eventually end up in large surface water bodies and eventually in the sea, and it will take an insurmountable cost to recover any of it for active land-based use.
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