Abstract
Simple SummaryThe pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis, is a longhorned beetle widespread in Europe. It develops in severely weakened, dying, or recently dead pine trees. The importance of M. galloprovincialis has increased since it was shown to be a vector of the alien and invasive pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which can kill pines within a year. Pheromone traps are the most useful tools for monitoring M. galloprovincialis. While black traps are most commonly used, the objective of our studies was to test the attractiveness of different colors to immature and mature M. galloprovincialis and three non-target species. The results could be useful in selecting an optimal color that is attractive to M. galloprovincialis, but minimizes bycatch of non-target insects. A total of twenty colors were tested, including nine colors tested in the field, using cross-vane traps. The unpainted white traps were found to be most attractive to M. galloprovincialis and can be used to increase catches of this insect. However, the predatory beetles Thanasimus spp. responded to the trap color in the same way as M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce the impact on these beneficial insects.Black pheromone-baited traps are commonly used for monitoring Monochamus galloprovincialis, a vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, although few studies have been conducted on its response to color (black, white, and clear). The objective of our studies was to evaluate the attractiveness of different colors to M. galloprovincialis and non-target species: Spondylis buprestoides and predatory Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis. Laboratory tests of fifteen colors against immature and mature M. galloprovincialis revealed some differences in their color preference. In two field tests, eight colors of coroplast vanes in cross-vane traps were compared with unpainted white (a reference (RF)). The first test confirmed the laboratory results, i.e., RF was slightly more attractive to M. galloprovincialis than pastel yellow, reseda green, and cyan blue, but trap color had no significant effect on any of the insect species studied. In the second test, the attractiveness of RF was highest and significantly different from pure white (for all four species), light blue, and pine green (except S. buprestoides). Overall, the unpainted white traps appeared to be most effective in catching M. galloprovincialis. Thanasimus spp. responded to the colors similarly to M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce their catches.
Highlights
Introduction distributed under the terms andThe pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Oliv.) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), is a longhorned beetle widespread in Europe
Our laboratory tests suggest that immature and mature beetles of M. galloprovincialis differ in their color preference; this finding should be verified in further studies
Of the trap colors tested against the mature beetles in the field experiments, the unpainted white traps were found to be most efficient
Summary
The pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Oliv.) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), is a longhorned beetle widespread in Europe. Its main host trees are pines of different species. Females oviposit under the thin bark of weakened, dying, and recently dead pines, and freshly cut logs. The young larvae develop under the bark, while older larvae conditions of the Creative Commons. Bore into the wood, where they pupate. Adults feed on shoots and thin bark of twigs. M. galloprovincialis is not considered a major forest pest
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