The Effect of Transit-Oriented Development on Vehicle Miles Traveled: A Comparison of a TOD versus a non-TOD Neighborhood in Carlsbad, CA

Abstract

This paper examines the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Better knowledge of the performance of TOD can aid communities to pursue efficient development policies and incentivize the public and private sectors to fund pedestrian and transit-oriented projects to spur more development of TODs as a strategy for reducing congestion, providing alternative mode choice, and improving quality of life. The study compared a TOD site in Carlsbad, CA. to a conventional, suburban neighborhood with a similar demographic profile and geographic location. The TOD residents were nearly as dependent on auto travel as the non-TOD residents. Comparisons were also made to examine how income levels of residents at TOD developments affected trip-making. BluWater, a market-rate TOD, was compared to Poinsettia, an adjacent, low-income TOD. Results showed that the low-income TOD residents made significantly more daily trips, but clocked lower VMT than the market-rate TOD residents. For the case study TOD location, providing a greater mix of uses near the rail station would improve its functionality by allowing residents to easily access shopping and recreation by transit, cycling, or walking. Also, providing a sense of place for residents will increase the use of alternative modes. If transit riders feel comfortable, familiar, and secure with the public transportation system, cycling and walking in the area, people may be more willing to choose alternatives to the auto. These conclusions may apply to several developments touted as TOD, but that are not functioning differently from conventional planned unit developments.