Abstract
Ceramics from the titanium–oxygen system were prepared by sintering TiO 2 and Ti 2O 3 powders at 1400 °C in air or in Ar/H 2 (7%). The surface compositions of the TiO 2, the non-stoichiometric TiO 2− x and the Ti 2O 3 ceramics, studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are discussed in terms of their chemical composition, with particular emphasis on the valence state of the titanium ions. The correlation between the valence state of the titanium ions at the surface and the water-contact angle was examined. The presence of Ti 3+, which can be introduced at the titanium–oxygen ceramic surface by sintering the ceramic in lower oxygen partial pressure, is related to a significant decrease in the water-contact angle. TiO 2 ceramics with just Ti 4+ at the interface had a water-contact angle of 67°; however, the non-stoichiometric TiO 2− x and Ti 2O 3/Ti 3O 5 with Ti 3+ at the interface had lower water-contact angles, i.e., 26° and 18°, respectively. The wettability of ceramics in the Ti–O system can be improved by introducing Ti 3+ at the ceramic interface.
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