Abstract
<p>A multiple regression model, which defines relationship between two variables, is used to perform a statistical analysis of the relationship between the stratospheric QBO and the neutral density of the D region (N<sub>n</sub>D) at altitudes of 75 km and 90 km for Singapore station. While performing the analysis, the solar maxima and solar minima epochs of the sun for 21st, 22nd and 23rd solar cycles (SCs) are taken into account. Before applying the model for the statistical analysis of the relationship, the stationary of the variables is investigated by using the unit root test. The relationship between the variables is also investigated by using the co-integration test. The relationship between N<sub>n</sub>D measured at 75 km altitude and QBO obtained at altitude of 10 hPa is observed that it is positive for solar maximum epoch at 21st and 23rd SCs and for solar minimum epoch at 21st SC and is negative at the other epochs. The relationship between N<sub>n</sub>D measured at 90 km altitude and QBO is observed to be negative at both the solar maxima expect for solar maximum of 23rd SC and the solar minima epochs. The relationship between variables is positive for both phases (east and west) of QBO. Thus, QBO leads to a statistical change in the N<sub>n</sub>D. It may also give rise to changes on the ion chemistry of the D region.</p>
Highlights
The region that includes the lower part of the ionosphere, at an altitude of approximately 50 to 100 kilometers, is referred to as the lower ionosphere
The NnD is expressed by the sum of N2, O2, and O, which are the primary components of the atmosphere
Since the Augmented-Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) values are greater than MacKinnon critical values as the absolute values, in case of both solar maximum (|−4.69|>|−2.65|) and solar minimum (|−5.94|>|−2.65|) there are a relationship between the QBO and the NnD
Summary
The region that includes the lower part of the ionosphere, at an altitude of approximately 50 to 100 kilometers, is referred to as the lower ionosphere. Since the ADF values are greater than MacKinnon critical values as the absolute values, in case of both solar maximum (|−4.69|>|−2.65|) and solar minimum (|−5.94|>|−2.65|) there are a relationship between the QBO and the NnD. Since the p-values are smaller than 0.05 for both epochs (solar maximum and solar minimum), there are a relationship at a level of 1% between the QBO and the NnD.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
