Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects is an intensively developing area of research. Severe inflammatory reactions after surgical interventions on bones or their structures may lead to changes of bone or joint asymmetry. In laboratory diagnostics, some inflammatory biomarkers and serum enzymes are available for the evaluation of these inflammatory processes. A general understanding of inflammatory responses following the repair of cartilage defects is still lacking. The aim of this study was to describe the alterations in the values of five inflammatory markers and the activities of several enzymes in seven 5-month-old pigs within the first 30 days following the restoration of induced articular cartilage defects using the tetracalcium phosphate/nanomoneite cement powder enriched with amino acids (CAL). The reconstruction of surgically induced defects was accompanied by a significant increase of serum amyloid A (SAA, p < 0.05), haptoglobin (Hp, p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP, p < 0.01), and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP, p < 0.001). Their concentrations decreased gradually within one-month post-surgery, the values recorded at the end of this period were higher than those obtained prior to surgery. The concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) showed no significant changes during the evaluated period. Alterations were also found in the enzyme activities of creatine kinase (p < 0.05), lactate-dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that SAA, Hp, CRP and pig-MAP might be applicable biomarkers of acute phase response for the monitoring of postoperative period.
Highlights
In various bone and bone structure diseases and defects, the use of innovative biomaterials represents a new trend in the treatment of these pathological conditions
Surgery using these materials is often accompanied by inflammatory reactions at the site of intervention, and severe, longer-lasting inflammatory processes can lead to a change in the symmetry of the bones or joints
In conclusion, in the study presented, the data indicate significant changes in the concentrations of SAA, Hp, CRP, as well as pig-MAP following the reconstruction of surgically created defects of articular cartilage using CAL cement
Summary
In various bone and bone structure diseases and defects, the use of innovative biomaterials represents a new trend in the treatment of these pathological conditions. Surgery using these materials is often accompanied by inflammatory reactions at the site of intervention, and severe, longer-lasting inflammatory processes can lead to a change in the symmetry of the bones or joints. CPC is characterized by positive biological activities (biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity), and lower exothermic reaction temperature For these reasons, CPC has become one of the most promising bone repair materials for the maxillofacial area, dentistry and orthopedics [10]. One of the ways to evaluate the response of the organism to the material used, the type of cartilage reconstruction and the efficacy of treatment is the assessment of the acute phase response through the measurement of acute phase reactants
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