The effect of the iron doping on anatase TiO2 anode for electrochemical performance of sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Anatase structured TiO2 is promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, the TiO2 anode has low ionic and intrinsic electronic conductivity, which causes to lower capacity and electrochemical performance. Anatase structured TiO2 doping with heteroatoms is used to improve the electrochemical performance of TiO2 as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). In this context, anatase structured Fe-doped TiO2 nanocrystalline anode materials have been investigated for the effect of the iron dopant at various percent rates on the electrochemical capacity of sodium-ion battery. Anatase structured TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 have been successfully synthesized by the sol-gel chemistry method by doping with iron at 1, 5, and 10 wt% percent rates. Among the doped anode materials, 5% Fe-doped TiO2 nanocrystalline anode has shown the best electrochemical performance, which was ∼200 mAh g−1 at the end of the 1150th cycle after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1. Even at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1 for the 1000 cycles, it has exhibited excellent long-cycle stability, delivering capacity retention of 87%. Doping TiO2 with iron has enhanced the electrochemical performance of TiO2 and the capacity of anode material. This improvement is attributed to the good electronic and ionic conductivity of TiO2 with iron doping.