The effect of swidden agriculture on ant communities in Madagascar

Tancredi Caruso,Brian L Fisher,Alison Cameron,Keith D Farnsworth,Eric T Rajoelison,Elizabeth A Finch,Matthew T Hamer

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109400

Abstract

Swidden agriculture is a widespread subsistence farming method in the tropics, which is being intensified as human populations grow. This study is the first to investigate the impacts of land degradation from swidden upon ant species (both native and introduced) across the full degradation gradient, from forest, to tree fallows, to shrub fallows, to exhausted land. Ant communities in closed canopy forests had higher species diversity and were taxonomically distinct, but as land became increasingly degraded, a significant reduction in overall and native species richness was detected, as were changes in overall community composition. Whilst native species decreased across the degradation gradient, introduced species increased. There was also a significant correlation in community compositional changes between native and introduced species which was independent from environmental factors. Co-occurrence analysis, however, suggested there was little evidence that introduced species were significantly impacting the communities of native species. This suggests these patterns are both separately driven by habitat degradation. Degraded fallow habitats were found to harbour unique and endemic species, including 22.4% of the species found in closed canopy forest. Together, our results highlight the potentially detrimental effects of further spread and increased intensification of swidden systems in tropical ecosystems. The conservation of existing closed canopy forests is of utmost importance but we also highlight that the fauna of degraded swidden habitats could still be important for biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes across the tropics.

Highlights

Land for crop production accounts for approximately 38% of the earth's surface (FAO, 2020) but further expansion to accommo date an increasing human population is expected, in the tropics (United Nations, 2019)
The conservation of existing closed canopy forests is of utmost importance but we highlight that the fauna of degraded swidden habitats could still be important for biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes across the tropics
The only significant difference was that shrub fallows had significantly lower diversity than closed canopy forests (Tukey HSD: t(29) = 3.9, p < 0.05; Fig. 1b)

Summary

Introduction

Land for crop production accounts for approximately 38% of the earth's surface (FAO, 2020) but further expansion to accommo date an increasing human population is expected, in the tropics (United Nations, 2019). Swidden agriculture is a widespread subsistence farming method in the tropics, and often drives deforesta tion and forest degradation (Rahman et al, 2017; Scales, 2014). Repeated regeneration of forests is possible if cultivation periods are short and fallow periods are long (Rerkasem et al, 2009). Successive rounds of cultivation and burning result in nutrient depletion, which leads to changes in the fallow vegetation structure; from early fallows dominated by trees, through later fallows dominated by shrubs, to the last fallows, which are unsuitable for agriculture, dominated by grasses and ferns (described here as exhausted land). As swidden systems are intensified, land is cycled through the swidden process at an increasing rate, and greater proportions of the land reaches the more degraded states, such as shrub fallows and exhausted land, faster

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Conclusion