Abstract

The movement of frugivores between remnant forests and successional areas is vital for tropical forest tree species to colonize successional habitats. The response of these species to the spatial structure of pasture tree cover is largely unknown. We studied avian frugivores that were found in primary forest edges and large pastures in eastern Amazonia, Brazil. We determined how the small-scale spatial structure of pasture trees at forest edges affects five response variables: bird presence, visitation rate, duration of visit, species richness, and an index accounting for species’ level of frugivory and abundance in forests. We used hierarchical linear models to estimate the effect of four predictor variables on response variables: (1) clustering of pasture trees; (2) percent canopy cover of pasture trees; (3) distance of pasture tree to forest edge; and (4) tree crown area. The study species, many of which are widely distributed in the Neotropics, were generally insensitive to percent cover and clustering of trees. Frugivore visitation to individual trees remained constant as cover increased. Visitation was positively correlated with focal tree distance to forest edge and crown area. The positive relationship between distance and visitation rates may be due to the increased abundance of some resource further from forests. If pastures were abandoned the distance from forest edges would not likely limit frugivore visitation and seed deposition under large pasture trees in our study (i.e., up to 200 m distant). Resumo O movimento de frugivoros entre florestas remanescentes e areas sucessionais e vital para especies de florestas tropicais colonizarem habitats succesionais. A resposta dessas especies a estrutura espacial de cobertura de arvores de pastagem e amplamente desconhecida. Estudamos frugivoros aviarios encontrados nas bordas de florestas primarias e pastagens de grande extensao na Amazonia leste, Brasil. Determinamos como a estrutura espacial de pequena escala de arvores em pastagens nas bordas da floresta afeta cinco variaveis: presenca de aves, taxa de visitacao, duracao de visita, riqueza de especies, e um indice baseado no nivel de frugivoros e abundancia de especies na floresta. Utilizamos modelos hierarquicos lineares para avaliar o efeito de quarto variaveis: (1) aglomeracao de arvores de pastagem, (2) percentual de cobertura do dossel florestal de arvores de pastagen, (3) distância da arvore de pastagem a borda de floresta, e (4) area de coroa de arvore. As especies estudadas, muitas amplamente distribuidas nas neotropicas, geralmente foram insensiveis ao percentual de cobertura e aglomeracao de arvores. A visitacao a arvores individuais permaneceu constante em quanto a cobertura aumentou. A visitacao foi correlacionada positivamente com a distância das arvores de pastagem a floresta, e com a area de coroa. A relacao positiva entre distância e taxas de visitacao pode ser causada por uma maior abundância de algum recurso em lugares mais distantes. Se as pastagens fossem abandonadas, entao a visitacao e deposicao de sementes embaixo de arvores de pastagem nao seriam limitadas pela distância a bordas de floresta (ate 200 m em nosso estudo).

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