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Abstract
In present work, the effect of citric acid (CA) addition in different amounts (0, 1, 5 and 10 ml) on the structure of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques. The crystallite dimensions, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystallinity percentage and Ca/P molar ratio were found to be affected by the CA content. To investigate the influence of CA on the bioactive properties of the HAp samples and to determine the optimum amount of CA, in vitro soaking tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) were performed. Although the samples’ morphology was found to be affected by neither the amount of CA nor the soaking time in SBF, the soaking results revealed that the maximum changes in the Ca/P ratio were found for the HAp samples prepared in the presence of the highest amounts of CA, which pointed out to the highest bioactivity of these samples.
Highlights
IntroductionDue to its chemical and morphological similarity to the inorganic part of human hard tissues, non-toxicity and very high biocompatibility, hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) appears to be a very important and useful biomaterial suitable for biomedical applications (Suchanek and Yoshimura 1998; Sopyan et al 2007; Dorozhkin 2012, 2016; Supova 2015; Kaygili et al 2014, 2015)
The samples’ morphology was found to be affected by neither the amount of citric acid (CA) nor the soaking time in simulated body fluid (SBF), the soaking results revealed that the maximum changes in the Ca/P ratio were found for the HAp samples prepared in the presence of the highest amounts of CA, which pointed out to the highest bioactivity of these samples
We investigated the effects of various amounts of CA on the structure and properties of HAp by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques
Summary
Due to its chemical and morphological similarity to the inorganic part of human hard tissues, non-toxicity and very high biocompatibility, hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) appears to be a very important and useful biomaterial suitable for biomedical applications (Suchanek and Yoshimura 1998; Sopyan et al 2007; Dorozhkin 2012, 2016; Supova 2015; Kaygili et al 2014, 2015). Sol–gel is an inexpensive method for preparing of the nano-sized HAp, having high crystallinity and purity, at low temperatures (Kalita et al 2007; Kaygili and Tatar 2012). Preparation of HAp in the presence of various additives appears to be the common way to solve this problem (Dorozhkin 2012, 2016; Supova 2015; Kaygili et al 2014, 2015)
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