The effect of silane coupling agents on radiata pine fibre for use in thermoplastic matrix composites

Abstract

Abstract Gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (GS) and dichlorodiethylsilane (DCS) were employed for surface modification of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata ) wood fibre. Levels of fibre moisture were carefully controlled to optimise chemical and hydrogen bonding with these silane coupling agents. The effect of pre-treatment using 2% sodium hydroxide, shown to be effective in assisting silane coupling for other natural fibres [Composites, Part B: Engng 30 (1999) 321], was also investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to characterise modification of the wood fibre. Concentrations of up to 3.2 wt% Si were obtained on the fibre surface due to silane coupling, however, pre-treatment was found to dramatically reduce this value. NMR provided evidence that coupling had occurred between the fibre and DCS by reaction producing ether linkages between the hydroxyl groups on the wood fibre and silane. Pre-treatment and treatment were found to have an insignificant effect on fibre strength. Composite sheets were produced by blending fibre (5, 10 and 20 wt%) with polyethylene followed by extrusion. An increase in strength was obtained at fibre contents of 5 wt% for all treatments compared to composites with untreated fibre. This is believed to be mainly due to increased compatibility of the fibre surface to polyethylene. However, there was no such improvement obtained at higher fibre contents. Evidence suggests that the production of voids is limiting composite strength.