Abstract
The present study adopted the printed-word visual world paradigm to investigate the salience effect on Chinese pun comprehension. In such an experiment, participants listen to a spoken sentence while looking at a visual display of four printed words (including a semantic competitor, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors). Previous studies based on alphabetic languages have found robust phonological effects (participants fixated more at phonological competitors than distractors during the unfolding of the spoken target words), while controversy remains regarding the existence of a similar semantic effect. A recent Chinese study reported reliable semantic effects in two experiments using this paradigm, suggesting that Chinese participants could actively map the semantic input from the auditory modality with the semantic information retrieved from printed words. In light of their study, we designed an experiment with two conditions: a replication condition to test the validity of using the printed-word world paradigm in Chinese semantic research, and a pun condition to assess the role played by salience during pun comprehension. Indeed, global analyses have revealed robust semantic effects in both experimental conditions, where participants were found more attracted to the semantic competitors than to the distractors with the emergence of target words. More importantly, the local analyses from the pun condition have shown that the participants were more attracted to the semantic competitors related to the salient meaning of the ambiguous word in a pun than to those related to the less salient meanings within 200 ms after target word offset. This finding suggests that the salient meaning of the ambiguous word in a pun is activated and assessed faster than its less salient counterpart. The initial advantage observed in the present study is consistent with the prediction of the graded salience hypothesis rather than the direct access model.
Highlights
Linguistic ambiguity seems harmful to the clarity of communication, it is not uncommon for people to intentionally exploit this uncertainty to achieve specific linguistic or rhetorical effects
We defined fixation as a focus on the printed-word within a square of 5.5◦ × 5.5◦ visual angle centered at that word, and calculated the mean fixation proportions to the different types of printed-words in each experimental condition with a time bin of 100 ms, starting from the display onset of the printed words (200 ms prior to the target word onset) to 1800 ms afterward
The present study investigated whether the salient meaning of the ambiguous word in a pun is activated and accessed earlier than the other less salient meaning using a printed-word visual world paradigm (VWP)
Summary
Linguistic ambiguity seems harmful to the clarity of communication, it is not uncommon for people to intentionally exploit this uncertainty to achieve specific linguistic or rhetorical effects. In the Salience and Chinese Pun Processing example used by Coulson and Severens (2007) “During branding, cowboys have sore calves,” quite intuitively, successful appreciation of the humorous effect of the pun requires one to access both the “cow” and “leg” meanings of the homograph calf. In contrast to the abundant literature on lexical ambiguity resolution, research on the lexical processing of puns is still far from enough, and it is still not entirely clear whether the two meanings of a pun are accessed sequentially or simultaneously. To shed more light on this issue, the current study aims to investigate the meaning activation process of a pun, and to test whether this process is modulated by the saliency of the two meanings of the critical ambiguous word
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