Abstract
Parenting is reported to be a crucial factor for children's resilience; however, it is still unknown whether the effect of parental bonding in childhood persists on resilience later on in adulthood. The aim of our research is to evaluate the effect of retrospectively perceived parental bonding on adult resilience and its change in adulthood; we aim to study parental care, authoritarianism and behavioral control as the dimensions of parental bonding. A total of 745 adults from 18 to 81 years of age (M=44.54, SD=17.96) completed Lithuanian versions of the abbreviated Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the 14-Item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Results show that there is a small though significant effect of parental bonding on resilience: the importance of parental care persists even into older age, but the significance of authoritarianism diminishes with age.
Highlights
Various studies with different research strategies confirm that parenting qualities are crucial for resilience in children (Masten, 2001)
The current study examined the effect of retrospectively perceived parental bonding on resilience in adulthood
Results show that there is a relation between parental bonding and resilience in adulthood, but it depends on the estimated quality of parental bonding: the more care from the mother or father adults remembered when they were young, the more resilience they reported; if the father or mother was remembered as more authoritarian, the degree of resilience was reported to be smaller
Summary
Various studies with different research strategies confirm that parenting qualities are crucial for resilience in children (Masten, 2001). Individuals experience various levels of stress, trauma, threats, and adversities in their life, but there is some degree of psychological resilience, which is common for all individuals (Masten, 2001). Resilience moderates the negative impact of stress, traumas or adverse situations (Ahern, Kiehl, Lou Sole, & Byers, 2006) and ensures normal development even in the face of severe adversity. As there are various degrees of risk and adversity, there are various potential qualities of the individual and the environment, which might moderate the effect of adversities, increasing resilience and protecting the individual (Masten, 2001). A longitudinal study by Masten et al (1999) showed the fundamental importance of parenting for children’s and youths’ adaptation in comparison to other risk and protective factors
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