Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of different morphological lip shape during lip movement. MethodA sample of 80 individuals with three-dimensional facial images at rest and during speech were recorded. Subjects were asked to pronounce four bilabial words in a relaxed manner and scanned using the 3dMDFace™ Dynamic System at 48 frames per second. Six lip landmarks were identified at rest and the landmark displacement vectors for the frame of maximal lip movement for all six visemes were recorded. Principal component analysis was applied to isolate relationship between lip traits and their registered coordinates. Eight specific resting morphological lip traits were identified for each individual. The principal component (PC) scores for each viseme were labelled by lip morphological trait and were graphically visualized as ellipses to discriminate any differences in lip movement. ResultsThe first five PCs accounted for up to 95% of the total variance in lip shape during movement, with PC1 accounting for at least 38%. There was no clear discrimination between PC1, PC2 and PC3 for any of the resting morphological lip traits. ConclusionLip shapes during movement are more uniform between individuals and resting morphological lip shape does not influence movement of the lips.
Highlights
The lips are an important structure in the human face and have been recognized as one of the features that contribute to facial attractiveness
Five principal component (PC) were extracted with an Eigenvalue greater than 1.0
They represent a range of different lip movements and are words recommended for use in cleft speech assessments [19]
Summary
The lips are an important structure in the human face and have been recognized as one of the features that contribute to facial attractiveness. The lips are involved in expressing various facial expressions such as smiling, pouting and frowning as well as facilitate in swallowing and speech production, when making labial and bilabial sounds [1]. Defects in both anatomy and function of the lips will usually result in poor facial aesthetic, impairment of the speech, drooling and oral spillage
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