The Effect of Removing the N-Terminal Extension of the Drosophila Myosin Regulatory Light Chain upon Flight Ability and the Contractile Dynamics of Indirect Flight Muscle

Abstract

The Drosophila myosin regulatory light chain (DMLC2) is homologous to MLC2s of vertebrate organisms, except for the presence of a unique 46-amino acid N-terminal extension. To study the role of the DMLC2 N-terminal extension in Drosophila flight muscle, we constructed a truncated form of the Dmlc2 gene lacking amino acids 2–46 ( Dmlc2 Δ2–46). The mutant gene was expressed in vivo, with no wild-type Dmlc2 gene expression, via P-element-mediated germline transformation. Expression of the truncated DMLC2 rescues the recessive lethality and dominant flightless phenotype of the Dmlc2 null, with no discernible effect on indirect flight muscle (IFM) sarcomere assembly. Homozygous Dmlc2 Δ2–46 flies have reduced IFM dynamic stiffness and elastic modulus at the frequency of maximum power output. The viscous modulus, a measure of the fly's ability to perform oscillatory work, was not significantly affected in Dmlc2 Δ2–46 IFM. In vivo flight performance measurements of Dmlc2 Δ2–46 flies using a visual closed-loop flight arena show deficits in maximum metabolic power (P * CO2), mechanical power (P * mech), and flight force. However, mutant flies were capable of generating flight force levels comparable to body weight, thus enabling them to fly, albeit with diminished performance. The reduction in elastic modulus in Dmlc2 Δ2–46 skinned fibers is consistent with the N-terminal extension being a link between the thick and thin filaments that is parallel to the cross-bridges. Removal of this parallel link causes an unfavorable shift in the resonant properties of the flight system, thus leading to attenuated flight performance.