Abstract
Free radicals in cigarette smoke may interfere the balanced of body molecules and cause the damage of hepatic cells. This issues may be prevented by using red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus L) due to its antioxidant content. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and physiological conditions of liver when the red fruit oil given to the rat that exposed by cigarette smoke. This study carried out for 35 days with female white rats as the sample. The samples were 20 female white rats divided into four groups: P0 (negative control), P1 (positive control), P2 (exposed by cigarette smoke with administration of red fruit oil 0,1 ml/BB), P3 (exposed by cigarette smoke with administration of red fruit oil 0,2 ml/weight). The data of ALT, AST, cell diameter, and hepatic weight were analyzed by using analysis of variants (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red fruit oil containing antioxidants can reduce levels of ALT, AST, hepatocyte diameter, and increase liver weight, although the difference is not significant compared to the control group and does not affect the eating and drinking behavior so as not to affect the body's metabolism. The conclusion of red fruit oil can reduce ALT, AST, hepatocyte diameter and increase hepatic weight due to exposure to cigarette smoke, although the difference is not significant to the control group, and does not affect the eating and drinking behavior, so good for consumption because it gives a beneficial effect on health liver organ.
Highlights
Based on data of World Health Organization (WHO), in 2013 the number of death reach 6 million in the world as the results of smoking (Golli et al, 2016)
The effect of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus L) administration to the female white rats (Rattus norvegicus) influenced by the expose of cigarette smoke with a dose of one cigarette each day during a week to the content activity of serum ALT and AST showed no significant change (P>0.05) between negative control (P0) which is, treatment to rats without cigarette smoke and red fruit oil and treatment to rats with cigarette smoke without red fruit oil (P1), and there are no difference between the treatment groups with doses of red fruit oil 0,1ml (P2), treatment groups with doses of red fruit oil 0.2 ml (Table 1 and 2)
The characteristics of red fruit oil as an antioxidant helps to reduce the effect of free radical produced by cigarette smoke
Summary
Based on data of World Health Organization (WHO), in 2013 the number of death reach 6 million in the world as the results of smoking (Golli et al, 2016). The cigarette smoke contain more than 4.000 chemicals and hundreds of them were toxic substances for body. Any substantial finds in cigarette e.g. nicotine, tar, carbonmonoxy, formaldehyde, benzene, cadmium, timbale/lead, ammonia, PAH (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrogen), phenol, carbonyl, chlorine dioxin, furan, and radical (Goniewicz et al, 2014). The entrance of cigarette smoke into the body is through the inhalation. The compounds produced by cigarette smoke contains free radical (Feitosa et al, 2016). Free radical of cigarette smoke are derived from two different fractions i.e. tar phase and smoke phase. The gas phase of cigarette smoke produces the most reactive free radical such as oxygen and carbon radicals. The effect of free radical caused the pathology conditions indicated with system injuries to the DNA injuries (Rahimah et al, 2009)
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