The Effect of Rate of Distraction Osteogenesis on Structure and Function of Anterior Digastric Muscle Fibers

Abstract

The authors hypothesized that distraction at a rate of 3 mm/day, compared with mandibular distraction at a rate of 1 mm/day, would produce a maladaptive response in adjacent muscles of mastication. The authors further hypothesized that the maladaptive response would manifest at the single fiber level by means of increased sarcomeric heterogeneity, decreased maximum force output, and increased susceptibility to stretch-induced injury. In an ovine model, distraction osteogenesis of the right hemimandible was performed at either 1 mm/day for 21 days (n = 2) or 3 mm/day for 7 days (n = 2) to achieve a total distraction distance of 21 mm. The left hemimandibles served as controls. After a consolidation period of 2 days, the anterior digastric muscles were harvested; in six randomly selected single fibers from each muscle, maximum calcium-activated force (Po) was measured at optimal sarcomere length. The amount of damage to the sarcomeres in each fiber was assessed microscopically. To test susceptibility to contraction-induced injury, each fiber was given an activated stretch of 20 percent. Compared with control fibers and fibers distracted at 1 mm/day, maximum tetanic force (Po) was significantly lower in fibers distracted at 3 mm/day. Compared with control fibers, specific Po (Po/cross-sectional area) was lower in fibers distracted at 3 mm/day. The number of sarcomeres appearing damaged in fibers distracted at 3 mm/day was significantly higher than in control fibers or in fibers distracted at 1 mm/day. A greater deficit in Po was observed after a single activated stretch in fibers distracted at 3 mm/day than in control fibers or in fibers distracted at 1 mm/day. The authors conclude that distraction of the anterior digastric muscle in sheep at 3 mm/day produces a maladaptive response in the muscle fibers but a rate of 1 mm/day is tolerated by the muscle fibers. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that distraction of skeletal muscle at high rates results in increased heterogeneity of sarcomere lengths and that this increase in heterogeneity is the most likely potential mechanism resulting in whole muscle force deficits and in increased susceptibility to stretch-induced injury in distracted muscles.