The Effect of Pumpkin Seeds Biscuits and Moringa Extract Supplementation on Hemoglobin, Ferritin, C-reactive protein, and Birth Outcome for Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: According to the WHO data, 40% of maternal mortality in developing countries is related to anemia in pregnancy. Most anemia in pregnancy is caused by iron deficiency and acute bleeding, sometimes even the two interact. The incidence of anemia in pregnancy in Indonesia is quite high, which is around 67% of all pregnant women, with variations depending on each region. About 10–15% of pregnant women are classified as severe anemia which of course will affect the growth and development of the fetus in the womb. Most of the anemia in pregnant women occurs due to malnutrition. AIM: The objective of the study was to review journals related to the effect of pumpkin seed biscuits and Moringa capsules on hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in pregnant women and also the prevention of stunting. METHODS: Study of literature by collecting relevant literature using online journal data based on PUBMED, Google Search, ELSEVIER, MDPI, DOAJ (Direct Directory of Open Access Journals), or from the bibliography of the articles being searched. RESULTS: Supplementary food was given to pregnant women by giving pumpkin seeds and Moringa leaf extract impact on improving nutritional status, Hb, ferritin, and CRP levels in pregnant women, as well as preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight. CONCLUSION: The provision of pumpkin seed biscuits and Moringa leaf extract to pregnant women can affect Hb, ferritin, and CRP levels and can affect maternal nutritional status and affect pregnancy outcomes.