Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) imposes an increased risk of developing cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer. In the Western world, HPV infection is currently the major cause of oropharyngeal cancer. The effectiveness of HPV vaccines for oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection is yet to be determined. This study conducted a systematic literature search in Pubmed and Embase. Studies investigating the impact of HPV vaccines on oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection were enrolled. This review reports the relative prevention percentage (RPP), including a risk of bias assessment as well as a quality assessment study. Nine studies were included (48,777 participants): five cross-sectional studies; one randomized community trial study (RCT); one longitudinal cohort study; and two case-control studies. A significant mean RPP of 83.9% (66.6–97.8%) was calculated from the cross-sectional studies, 82.4% in the included RCT and 83% in the longitudinal cohort study. Further, two case-control studies that measured antibody response in participants immunized with HPV vaccines were included. Respectively, 100% and 93.2% of participants developed HPV-16 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in oral fluids post-vaccination. Analysis of the studies identified a significant decrease in vaccine-type oral or oropharyngeal HPV infections in study participants immunized with HPV vaccines across study designs and heterogenous populations. Further, a significant percentage of participants developed IgG antibodies in oral fluid post-vaccination.
Highlights
Human papillomavirus (HPV) imposes a risk of developing cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer
One cross-sectional study [9] proved inconclusive regarding vaccine effectiveness on oral and ParOdds/Risk Raoropharyngeal HPV infection due to only four participants testing positive for any HPV
HPV vaccination was associated with the reduction of HPV-16 exposure percentages in the oral and oropharyngeal cavity
Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) imposes a risk of developing cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV types in cervical and anal cancer [8], but a prophylactic effect on oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection is yet to be established. The prevalence of oral and oropharyngeal HPV infections varies greatly amongst countries [2,9,10], and some studies, especially from Western countries, suggest that by the end of 2020, HPV will cause more oropharyngeal cancer than cervical cancer in high-resource countries [10]. Considering that the HPV vaccination rate is significantly higher amongst females [1], primarily due to regulation and the well-established effect of HPV vaccines on cervical cancer, it is worth investigating the relationship to oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection as well
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