Abstract
One of the major problems to the treatment of malaria is the emergence and spread of parasite resistant to antimalarial drugs. Due to increased chloroquine (CQ) resistance, the antifolate combinations are becoming important in the chemotherapy of falciparum malaria. However, resistance to antifolate exists and they are still effective in the above combinations. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance markers in P. falciparum isolates, involving the detection of mutations at the mdr 1- 86 which associates with amodiaquine resistance, and dhfr mutations associated with SP resistances. The dot-blot/ probe hybridization, which is more sensitive and specific; it detects parasitaemia of less than 100 parasites/microl of blood, and can identify a minority parasite genotype down to 1% in a mixture, was adopted to determine multi-drug resistance (mdr1-86) to show the correlation of Amodiaquine (AQ) resistance and PCR/ RFLP adopted to determine dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) baseline resistance to Sulphadoxine- Pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in Nubian region of southern Sudan. A randomized open label trial of Artesunate (AS) + SP and AS+ SP was carried out in children less than 5 years. Molecular analysis of filter paper preserved blood samples collected was carried out to provide a baseline estimate of allele prevalences. Baseline of the allele prevalence of the mdr1 86 locus in the AS+ AQ was successful for 80 isolates: 71(8.11%) carried parasites harbouring the mdr1-86 Tyr resistance allele, while 7 (89.19%) carried mdr1-86 Asn sensitivity allele and 2 (2.7%) were of mixed infection, having both resistance and wild type allele. Overall, the prevalence of the dhfr point mutation, codon 51, 59 and 108: 82.5% (132/160) carried mutations at dhfr (N51I, C59R or S108N), but triple mutants were rare (3.1%) in the AS + SP arm. The research provides the evidence that mutations present in dhfr and mdr1 86 has a significant effect on the type of treatment following SP and AQ chemotherapy. SP resistance may spread rapidly, and AS + AQ is likely to be a better option, provided AQ use is restricted to the combination. The significance of the study shows that definitely combination of drugs improves SP therapy at the study site.
Highlights
Malaria is a public health problem with an estimated 247 million malaria cases among 3.3 billion people at risk in 2006, causing nearly a million deaths, mostly of children under five years of age
In Africa, until recently, there has been a reliance on the cheap drugs chloroquine and sulfadoxinepyrimethamine because they were the only safe drugs to prescribe to children and pregnant women
Due to the magnitude of the disease, the dangers posed by the development of drug resistant strains, and the promise of Artemisinin combination therapy, it is important to evaluate the prevalence of resistance in a combination regimen and determine which combination is a viable option for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria at Nuba
Summary
Malaria is a public health problem with an estimated 247 million malaria cases among 3.3 billion people at risk in 2006, causing nearly a million deaths, mostly of children under five years of age. One of the major contributors to the increase of disease burden is drug resistance, which has threatened the use of chemotherapy as a weapon against falciparum malaria. The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs is one of the greatest challenges facing the global effort to control malaria. To protect drugs from resistance, there is clear evidence that combining them can improve their efficacy without increasing their toxicity [9] and with the development of highly effective artemisinin derivatives, there is renewed hope for the treatment of malaria in the form of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This study investigated the prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance markers in P. falciparum isolates, involving the detection of mutations at the mdr, which associates with amodiaquine resistance, and dhfr mutations associated with SP resistances. SP resistance may spread rapidly, and AS + AQ is likely a better option, provided AQ use is restricted to the combination
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