Abstract
The rapid population growth has caused an increase in energy consumption and the construction of new buildings. This has raised environmental concerns, such as the depletion of raw materials and the release of significant CO2 emissions due to the widespread use of cement. Consequently, researchers and scientists have begun exploring alternative materials to improve sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a composite material made from various waste materials, utilizing alkali-activated silica (Al2SiO3 and Na2SiO3/NaOH). Compared to cement, GPC has lower CO2 emissions and better efficiency. This review aims to examine the potential of palm oil waste, specifically palm oil clinker (POC), oil palm shell (OPS), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), as eco-friendly materials in sustainable GPC. The properties of palm oil waste used in GPC production are presented, and their impact on GPC properties is discussed. Results indicate that palm oil waste can positively affect GPC performance, enhancing strength and reducing CO2 emissions for a cleaner environment.
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