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Abstract
Mulching is a management technique to control weeds in organic and integrated tomato production. Our experiment was designed to investigate the impact of organic mulch combined with irrigation on the weed species composition and weed seed bank of open-field tomato. For three consecutive years (2016–2018), treatment of microplots included mulch only, irrigation only, mulch and irrigation combined, and the untreated control. Marginal microplots (bordered by the surrounding mown grassland) were distinguished from inner microplots to check margin effect. We collected soil samples from different depths and let the weed seeds germinate in a greenhouse. Germinated weed seedlings were counted and identified. The number of weeds, and time needed for weeding was reduced by mulching, temperature, sampling date, and the succession of the study years. Irrigation, on the other hand, had no effect on weeding time. Margin effect and year had the highest influence on weed species composition. Regarding seed bank, year and mulching had the highest influence. The importance of other variables remained low, with mulching being the strongest explained variable. Regardless of treatments, weed composition of the study area was transformed during the three-year study.
Highlights
Weeds compete with crops for space, light, nutrients and water, and may host pathogen agents of cultivated crops
The present study was planned to determine the effect of organic mulching combined with drip irrigation on the weed species composition and weeding time requirement of tomato microplots in open-field conditions
We found that temperature before the surveys influenced weed composition: while P. oleracea, C. arvensis and D. sanguinalis were dominant in warm periods, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. preferred colder weather (Table 2)
Summary
Weeds compete with crops for space, light, nutrients and water, and may host pathogen agents of cultivated crops. In sustainable and organic farming, weeds and the lack of conventional weed control measures mean considerable obstacles to production [1,2]. L.) production in an open-field environment is influenced by the location of the field, the characteristics of climate and soil, and by management techniques as well [3,4]. The list of the most common weeds of open-field tomato in Hungary includes Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Setaria spp. L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Polygonum aviculare L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Solanum nigrum L. L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Polygonum aviculare L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Solanum nigrum L. [5]
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