Abstract
Background: Soil remediation is one the important problem in environmental studies. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic chelates and gibberellic acid (GA3 ) on the degradation of crude oil in the soil co-contaminated with Ni and crude oil under canola cultivation. Methods: For treatments, HEDTA and NTA chelates at rates of 0 and 2.5 mmol/kg soil and foliar GA3 (0 (GA3 (-) and 0.05 (GA3 (+) mM) were used. In addition, the soil was polluted with Ni (0 and 100 mg Ni/kg soil) and crude oil at rates of 0, 2, and 4% (W/W). The plant used in this experiment was canola. The concentration of Ni in soil and plant was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was measured using GC-mass. The mean differences were calculated according to the least significant difference (LSD) test. Results: The greatest degradation of crude oil belonged to the non-Ni-polluted soil under cultivation of GA3 -treated plant, while the lowest one was observed in the soil received the greatest level of HEDTA and NTA chelates. Applying 0.05 mM GA3 foliar significantly increased the degradation of crude oil in soil and Ni in plant shoot by 12.1 and 8.3%, respectively. In addition, soil microbial respiration was also increased by 11.3%. Conclusion: HEDTA, NTA, and GA3 had a significant effect on the Ni phytoremediation efficiency and degradation of crude oil in soil that is a positive point in environmental pollution. However, the role of soil physico-chemical properties on the phytoremediation efficiency cannot be ignored.
Highlights
Petroleum products are the most commonly used materials that are processed from crude oil in an oil refinery
hydroxylethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and GA3 had a significant effect on the Ni phytoremediation efficiency and degradation of crude oil in soil that is a positive point in environmental pollution
The greatest soil Ni availability belonged to the Ni- and crude oil-polluted soil, which received the greatest level of HEDTA, NTA with the GA3 foliar application, and the lowest one was observed in the soil received no pollutant (Table 2)
Summary
Petroleum products are the most commonly used materials that are processed from crude oil in an oil refinery. The use of petroleum compounds has been associated with environmental pollution that can be due to its toxicity, and it can cause soil and air pollution [3,4]. Organic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, can enter the soil, air, and groundwater through the leakage from pipelines or underground storage tanks, illegal dumping and accidental spills, and as a result, contaminate the soil and air [5]. Remediation of soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, is generally difficult due to its high hydrophobicity and high sorption capacity. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic chelates and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the degradation of crude oil in the soil co-contaminated with Ni and crude oil under canola cultivation
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