Abstract
The LiNbO3 congruent crystals doped with small Nd concentrations,<1 mol% Nd, and co-doped with Mg ions, 0–9 mol% Mg, weresystematically investigated by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy in theY and Z crystal directions. Results obtained from an undoped congruent crystal,an Nd-doped crystal, a Mg-doped crystal and Nd, Mg-co-dopedcrystals are compared. From the analyses of the results obtained in theY direction, the Nd and Mg content dependence of the two lowest-RamanA1(TO1) and A1(TO2) modes, the half-width composition and the area ratio of theA1(TO4) and E(TO8) bands, we reached several conclusions about the incorporation mechanism of the Nd and Mg ions intothe LiNbO3 lattice. Likewise the Raman shift and half-width of theE(TO1) andE(TO7) modes wereinvestigated in the Z direction. Results indicate that Mg and Nd ions are located in the Li site for low dopingconcentrations and for larger concentrations there is a replacement in both Li and Nb ionsites.
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