Abstract
Two low-C steels microalloyed with niobium (Nb) were fabricated by simulated strip casting, one with molybdenum (Mo) and the other without Mo. Both steels were heat treated to simulate coiling at 900 °C to investigate the effect of Mo on the precipitation behaviour in austenite in low-C strip-cast Nb steels. The mechanical properties results show that during the isothermal holding at 900 °C the hardness of both steels increases and reaches a peak after 3000 s and then decreased after 10,000 s. Additionally, the hardness of the Mo-containing steel is higher than that of the Mo-free steel in all heat-treated conditions. Thermo-Calc predictions suggest that MC-type carbides exist in equilibrium at 900 °C, which are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM examination shows that precipitates are formed after 1000 s of isothermal holding in both steels and the size of the particles is refined by the addition of Mo. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveal that the carbides are enriched in Nb and N. The presence of Mo is also observed in the particles in the Nb-Mo steel during isothermal holding at 900 °C. The concentration of Mo in the precipitates decreases with increasing particle size and isothermal holding time. The precipitates in the Nb-Mo steel provide significant strengthening increments of up to 140 MPa, higher than that in the Nb steel, ~96 MPa. A thermodynamic rationale is given, which explains that the enrichment of Mo in the precipitates reduces the interfacial energy between precipitates and matrix. This is likely to lower the energy barrier for their nucleation and also reduce the coarsening rate, thus leading to finer precipitates during isothermal holding at 900 °C.
Highlights
For the high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels containing niobium (Nb) produced by conventional casting techniques, hot deformation in the austenite region usually induces the formation of Nb carbonitrides precipitates [1,2]
The samples were immediately transferred into a preheated muffle furnace within 2 s, and within this time the samples did not cool below the heat treatment temperature of 900 ◦ C
Hardness measurements were conducted on the two steels for different durations of isothermal
Summary
For the high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels containing niobium (Nb) produced by conventional casting techniques, hot deformation in the austenite region usually induces the formation of Nb carbonitrides precipitates [1,2]. The Nb carbonitrides, formed in austenite, are able to provide precipitation strengthening and refine the microstructure by delaying the recrystallization of austenite at high temperatures, improving the strength as a result [2,3]. These precipitates can be eventually very coarse after a prolonged isothermal-holding in the austenite region, losing their advantage in the microstructure refinement and precipitation strengthening. It was proposed that Mo changes the coarsening resistance of Nb-rich carbonitrides in austenite by lowering interfacial energy [11], and refines the precipitates [7,9,11,12,13]. Despite the extensive investigations on the effect of Mo on the formation of Nb-rich precipitates in austenite, the mechanisms behind these observations are not well established
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