Abstract
This work shows the influence of admixture on the basic properties of the multicomponent PbZr1−xTixO3 (PZT)-type ceramics. It presents the results of four compositions of PZT-type material with the general chemical formula, Pb0.99M0.01((Zr0.49Ti0.51)0.95Mn0.021Sb0.016W0.013)0.9975O3, where, in the M position, a donor admixture was introduced, i.e., samarium (Sm3+), gadolinium (Gd3+), dysprosium (Dy3+) or lanthanum (La3+). The compositions of the PZT-type ceramics were obtained through the classic ceramic method, as a result of the synthesis of simple oxides. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern studies showed that the obtained multicomponent PZT materials have a tetragonal structure with a P4mm point group. The microstructure of the obtained compositions is characterized by a well crystallized grain, with clearly visible grain boundaries. The composition with the admixture of lanthanum has the highest uniformity of fine grain microstructure, which positively affects its final dielectric and piezoelectric properties. In the multicomponent PZT-type ceramic, materials utilize the mixed (acceptor and donor) doping of the main compound. This dopiong method has a positive effect on the set of the electrophysical parameters of ceramic materials. Donor dopants W6+ (at positions B) and M3+ = Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, and La3+ (at positions A) increase the dielectric and piezoelectric properties, while the acceptor dopant Sb3+ (at positions B) increases the time and temperature stability of the electrophysical parameters. In addition, the suitable selection of the set of admixtures improved the sinterability of the ceramic samples, as well as resulted in obtaining the required material with good piezoelectric parameters for the poling process. This research confirms that all ceramic compositions have a set of parameters suitable for applications in micromechatronics, for example, as actuators, piezoelectric transducers, and precision microswitches.
Highlights
Among the ceramic materials with functional properties discovered, to date, ceramic materials, ceramic composites, and solid solutions obtained on the basis of PbZr1−x Tix O3 (PZT), due to their optimal electrophysical properties, have been successfully and extensively used in modern microelectronics, invariably since the 1960s [1,2,3,4,5]
The Differentialthermal thermal analysis analysis (DTA) and TG tests performed for all PZT-type compositions show similar characteristic maxima and minima on their curves (Figure 1)
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown that all of the obtained compositions have a structure from a tetragonal system with a P4mm point group, without the presence of other undesirable phases
Summary
Among the ceramic materials with functional properties discovered, to date, ceramic materials, ceramic composites, and solid solutions obtained on the basis of PbZr1−x Tix O3 (PZT), due to their optimal electrophysical properties, have been successfully and extensively used in modern microelectronics, invariably since the 1960s [1,2,3,4,5]. One of the effective methods for optimizing a number of electrophysical parameters of PZT-type ceramic materials (dielectric, piezoelectric, mechanical, electromechanical, etc.). Studies have shown that in order to obtain a number of profits in the final electrophysical parameters of PZT-type ceramic materials (for specific applications), multicomponent doping of the basic PZT composition can be effective. For this purpose, the results are described for an investigation of the four compositions of multicomponent PZT ceramics with the general formula Pb0.99 M0.01 ((Zr0.49 Ti0.51 )0.95 Mn0.021. Comprehensive analyzes and tests were carried out, for example, differential thermal, X-ray, surface morphology (SEM) with EDS tests, as well as dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric properties, and direct current (DC) electrical conductivity
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