Abstract
ABSTRACTPurposeTo probe the mechanism of mild hypothermia combined with rutin in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsThirty rats were randomized into the following groups: control, sham, model, mild hypothermia (MH), and mild hypothermia plus rutin (MH+Rutin). We used modified Allen’s method to injure the spinal cord (T10) in rats, and then treated it with MH or/and rutin immediately. BBB scores were performed on all rats. We used HE staining for observing the injured spinal cord tissue; ELISA for assaying TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; Dihydroethidium (DHE) for measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; flow cytometry for detecting apoptosis; and both RT-qPCR and Western blot for determining the expression levels of TGF-β/Smad pathway related proteins (TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad3).ResultsIn comparison with model group, the BBB score of MH increased to a certain extent and MH+Rutin group increased more than MH group (p < 0.05). After treatment with MH and MH+Rutin, the inflammatory infiltration diminished. MH and MH+Rutin tellingly dwindled TNF-β, MDA and ROS contents (p < 0.01), and minified spinal cord cell apoptosis. MH and MH+Rutin could patently diminished TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 expression (p < 0.01).ConclusionsMH+Rutin can suppress the activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway, hence repressing the cellular inflammatory response after SCI.
Highlights
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a devastating illness, is principally induced by falls and road traffic accidents, and can have a profound impact on the patient’s health and emotions, as well as a huge economic burden for the family and the entire society[1]
In comparison to the model group, the BBB scores of the mild hypothermia (MH) group increased to a certain extent, and the ones of the MH+Rutin group increased more than those of the MH group (p < 0.05)
The spinal cords of the control and sham groups were more uniform, and their surfaces were smooth; whereas, in the model, MH, and MH+Rutin groups, the morphology of the spinal cords has changed to a certain extent, and the size of the front and back sides was different
Summary
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a devastating illness, is principally induced by falls and road traffic accidents, and can have a profound impact on the patient’s health and emotions, as well as a huge economic burden for the family and the entire society[1]. In addition to the direct consequence of the loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous system function, the secondary protrusions at the injured site can aggravate the injury. SCI is mountingly regarded as a focus impacting global health[2]. The damage associate with SCI is classified into two stages: immediate and irreversible main damage, and the secondary damage, caused by diverse chemical substances, embracing free radicals and excitatory amino acids, which are the pivotal factors of motor and sensory defects[3]
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