Abstract
Heavy metals are regulated through water quality criteria which do not recognize important interactions between the fate and effect of heavy metals. For example: (1) mercury methylation by sediment bacteria increases its lipophilicity and accumulation by fish; (2) safe levels of waterborne selenium can be concentrated by benthic invertebrates and become lethal to benthic-feeding fish; (3) metal-binding proteins induced by metal exposure can increase the tolerance of fish to heavy metals and change the normal metabolism of nutrients such as zinc. Management of metal contamination requires more understanding of metal uptake and metabolism in fish and the establishment of criteria for loadings as well as concentration.
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