Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a maternal antibiotic administration during the last week of gestation on the early life intestinal development in neonatal piglets. Colonization of the gut with bacteria starts during birth and plays a major role in the intestinal and immunological development of the intestine. We demonstrate that maternal interventions induced changes in the sows (n = 6 to 8 per treatment) fecal microbiota diversity around birth (P < 0.001, day 1). Whole-genome microarray analysis in small intestinal samples of 1-d old piglets (n = 6 to 8 per treatment) showed significantly expressed genes (Padj < 0.05) which were involved in processes of tight junction formation and immunoglobulin production. Furthermore, when performing morphometry analysis, the number of goblet cells in jejunum was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in piglets from amoxicillin administered sows compared with the respective control piglets. Both significantly expressed genes (Padj < 0.05) and significant morphometry data (jejunum P < 0.05 and ileum P < 0.01) indicate that the crypts of piglets from amoxicillin administered sows deepen around weaning (day 26) as an effect of the amoxicillin administration in sows. The latter might imply that the intestinal development of piglets was delayed by maternal antibiotic administration. Taken together, these results show that maternally oral antibiotic administration changes in early life can affect intestinal development of the offspring piglets for a period of at least 5 wk after the maternal antibiotic administration was finished. These results show that modulation of the neonatal intestine is possible by maternal interventions.
Highlights
Maturation of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets is a multifactorial process that is important for the health of piglets in production systems (Penders et al, 2006; Mulder et al, 2009; Langley-Evans, 2015; Nobel et al, 2015)
Amoxicillin treated sows showed a numerical reduction in bacterial concentration in their vagina on day 0, as well as in feces on day 1 compared with control sows (Figure 2a), these differences were not statistically significant
Our study shows that maternal antibiotic treatment during the last week of gestation affects intestinal development in offspring for a period of at least 7 wk
Summary
Maturation of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets is a multifactorial process that is important for the health of piglets in production systems (Penders et al, 2006; Mulder et al, 2009; Langley-Evans, 2015; Nobel et al, 2015). Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery deoxyribonucleic acid functional annotation clustering green fluorescent protein Linear Models for Microarray and RNA-Seq Data proliferating cell nuclear antigen principle coordinate analysis polymerase chain reaction ribonucleic acid at young age, can lead to perturbation of immune regulatory networks in the intestine that affect health (Schokker et al, 2014; Benis et al, 2015; Merrifield et al, 2015). This implies that changes and interventions in the early life development of the gut could have long-term effects on the competence of the host immune system
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