Abstract
BackgroundKappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva is a red algae with antioxidant and antiglycation activities. Algae still have not been widely used for treating diabetes, especially to prevent complications. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of active fractions from Kappaphycus alvarezii on plasma glucose level, glycation process and renal RAGE gene expression. MethodsThis study used bioassay-guided fractionation, consisting of three stages: extraction, partition, and fractionation. These processes were monitored with Thin Layer Chromatography and the BSA-Glucose method to select the best extract with antiglycation activity (calculated as the percentage of inhibition and IC50). The selected active fraction from four fractions was further used for in vivo study, which was conducted with hyperglycemic Wistar male rats. Plasma glucose level was measured using GOD-PAP methods, while plasma glycated albumin (GA) and Nε- (carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) levels were measured using ELISA. Renal RAGE gene expression was analyzed using qPCR. ResultsFraction II was selected as the active fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii showing antiglycation activity with the highest percentage of inhibition and the lowest IC50. This fraction significantly reduced plasma GA and CML levels, but it did not significantly reduce plasma glucose level. Furthermore, renal RAGE gene expression was lower in the diabetic rat group treated with this active fraction compared to the untreated group. ConclusionsThis study successfully identified an active fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii with antiglycation activity to reduce plasma GA and CML levels as well as renal RAGE gene expression. Therefore, this fraction could be developed as a potential candidate for treating diabetes.
Highlights
Glycation, known as the Maillard reaction, is a slow nonenzymatic reaction, starting by the attachment of glucose or its derivatives to a protein amine group and the formation of a Schiff base, followed by the Amadori rearrangement to form a stable fructosamine residue (Abate et al, 2015)
The accumulation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) in blood vessel walls and different organs leads to various disorders, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity (Papagrigoraki et al, 2017; Ott et al, 2014)
Chloroform extract with a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL showed the highest percentage of inhibition among other treatments (62.4 Æ 3.45%)
Summary
Known as the Maillard reaction, is a slow nonenzymatic reaction, starting by the attachment of glucose or its derivatives to a protein amine group and the formation of a Schiff base, followed by the Amadori rearrangement to form a stable fructosamine residue (ketoamine) (Abate et al, 2015). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of active fractions from Kappaphycus alvarezii on plasma glucose level, glycation process and renal RAGE gene expression. Results: Fraction II was selected as the active fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii showing antiglycation activity with the highest percentage of inhibition and the lowest IC50 This fraction significantly reduced plasma GA and CML levels, but it did not significantly reduce plasma glucose level. Conclusions: This study successfully identified an active fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii with antiglycation activity to reduce plasma GA and CML levels as well as renal RAGE gene expression. This fraction could be developed as a potential candidate for treating diabetes
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