Abstract
Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the absence of sperm in the ejaculate resulting from severe deficits in spermatogenesis due to primary testicular dysfunction. NOA is diagnosed in 5-10% of men undergoing infertility work-up. In order to retrieve sperm cells in men with NOA, a number of surgical techniques have been developed, including testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) and conventional or microdissection testicular sperm extraction (cTESE/mTESE). However, effective strategies to obtain spermatozoal cells in men with NOA who fail mTESE procedures are not available.
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