Abstract
To reduce the greenhouse effect, it is important to reduce not only carbon dioxide but also methane emissions. Methane gas can be not only a fossil fuel (natural gas) but also a renewable energy source when it is extracted from biomass. After biogas has been purified, its properties become closer to those of natural gas or methane. Natural gas is an alternative energy source that can be used for spark-ignition engines, but its physicochemical properties are different from those of gasoline, and the spark-ignition engine control parameters need to be adjusted. This article presents the results of a study that considers a spark-ignition engine operating at different speeds (2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 3000 rpm) and the regulation of the timing of intake valve closure when the throttle is partially open (15%), allowing the engine to maintain the stoichiometric air–fuel mixture and constant spark timing. Studies have shown a reduction in engine break torque when petrol was replaced by natural gas, but break thermal efficiency has increased and specific emissions of pollutants (NOx, HC, CO2 (g/kWh)) have decreased. The analysis of the combustion process by the AVL BOOST program revealed different results when the engine ran on gasoline as opposed to when it ran on natural gas when the timing of intake valve closure changed. The volumetric efficiency of the engine and the speed of the combustion process, which are significant for engine performance due to the different properties of gasoline and natural gas fuels, can be partially offset by adjusting the spark timing and timing of intake valve closure. The effect of intake valve timing on engine fueled by natural gas more noticeable at lower engine speeds when the engine load is low.
Highlights
Climate change is driving the development of the EU transport sector based on the two key criteria that have been set out in the Transport White Paper [1]: the rational use of existing resources in transport and the improvement of ecological transport characteristics in order to achieve climate-neutral greenhouse gas emissions
It is clear that the development of an electric vehicle that does not emit emissions is the ultimate goal for the final stages of the switch to greener sources of energy, [10,11], but there are some existing problems that slow down the use of vehicles, such as the still underdeveloped charging stations network [12,13] as well as expensive and technologically sophisticated battery recycling technologies [14], and it should be noted that the energy infrastructure resources that are currently available for electric vehicles are insufficient, they continue to develop at an adequate rate
The opening and closing times (IVO and intake valve close (IVC)) of the engine intake valves are controlled by a hydraulic variable valve timing (VVT) actuator that is controlled by an engine control unit (ECU)
Summary
Climate change is driving the development of the EU transport sector based on the two key criteria that have been set out in the Transport White Paper [1]: the rational use of existing resources in transport and the improvement of ecological transport characteristics in order to achieve climate-neutral greenhouse gas emissions. This is very important for the assessment of individual emission groups, where the hazard criterion can be assessed through the prism of recalculated CO2 emissions [2]. With a rational assessment of the existing resources, the internal combustion engines that are already on the market are being improved [18,19,20,21]
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