Abstract
The effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in AlCl3–H2O/THF biphasic system was investigated. The route via isomerization to fructose followed by tandem dehydration to HMF is the dominant pathway. Lewis acid sites of Al3+ aqua/hydroxo complexes play the leading role for the dehydration step. The introduction of a suitable amount to HCl increases the amount of Brønsted acid sites and improves the selectivity for HMF. The maximum HMF yield from glucose is enhanced from 51% to 62% in the presence of 0.1M HCl. The introduction of HCl lowers the reaction rate of glucose-to-fructose isomerization but enhances the reaction rate of fructose dehydration. Higher loading of HCl (1.0M) leads to increased direct dehydration of glucose to humins and results in lower selectivity to HMF.
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