Abstract
We evaluated the effect of four hydraulic retention times (HRT, 0.3, 0.8, 2.3, and 9.3 days) on pollutant removal in a surface-flow wetland system for polishing tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant (STP). The removal efficiency of pollutants at these HRTs was based on mass budgets of the water inputs and outputs in parallel ditches, which together with a presettling basin, made up the wetland system. Fecal coliform and N-removal efficiencies in the ditches were enhanced by increasing the HRT, with only little removal of fecal coliforms during spring-summer at a HRT of 0.3 days. A HRT of 4 days turned out to be required to meet the desired bathing water standard for fecal coliforms (10 3
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