Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) micropropagation still faces many problems, such as reduced growth and development of callus, low multiplication efficiency and low rooting rate. The effect of Humic Acid (HA; 0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 mg L−1) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs; 0, 50, 75 and 150 mg L−1) at different stages of micropropagation (i.e., callus establishment, shoot multiplication and rooting) was studied in date palm cv. Quntar. Media supplemented with 2.5 mg L−1 HA in combination with 50 m L−1 ZnO-NPs gave the highest callus induction (274 mg/jar), the highest percentage of callus producing buds (83.34%), and average bud formation (14.2) per callus. The macronutrients Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S) as well the micronutrient Zinc (Zn), significantly increased in in vitro shoots regenerated in medium containing of 2.5 mg L−1 HA and 50 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs compared to other treatments. The addition of HA and ZnO-NPs to the medium was most effective in root regeneration and the number of roots per shoot, where the best result (83.34%, 4.4 roots per shoot, respectively) was obtained using 2.5 mg L−1 humic acid and 75 mg of L−1 zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), compared with other treatments. These results also indicate that using 2.5 mg L−1 HA combined with 75 m L−1 ZnO-NPs as a supplement can increase antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD compared with other treatments. The data revealed that maximum chlorophyll content of shoots occurred in a medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L−1 HA and 75 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs. Furthermore, we found that the combined application between 2.5 mg L−1 HA + 75 mg L−1 ZnO-NPS resulted in the highest shoots content of endogenous IAA (3.644 µg.kg−1), compared with other treatments. We have established a highly efficient micropropagation system for date palm by using (HA) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPS). The initiation, broad optimization, and comprehensive phytochemical studies of tissue cultures were elaborated.
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