The effect of heavy metal contamination on humans and animals in the vicinity of a zinc smelting facility.

Xiaoyun Shen,Yongkuan Chi,Kangning Xiong

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207423

Abstract

A diagnosis of heavy metal poisoning in sheep living on pastures in the vicinity of a smelting facility in the Wumeng mountain area of China was based on laboratory tests and clinical symptoms. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination in the food chain was found to have a deleterious effect on the health of local residents. The levels of copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in irrigation water, soil, forages, and animal tissues were measured in samples taken from the vicinity of a smelting facility and control samples. Heavy metal contents in food (corn, rice, and wheat), as well as in human tissues (blood and hair) obtained from local residents were also determined. Hematological values were also determined in human and animal samples. The content of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in irrigation water, soils, and forages were markedly higher in affected areas than in samples from healthy pastures. Concentrations of Cd and Pb were 177.82 and 16.61 times greater in forages than controls, respectively, and 68.71 and 15.66 times greater in soils than controls, respectively. The heavy metal content in food (corn, rice, and wheat) from affected areas was markedly higher than in the control samples. Cd and Pb content in the tissues of affected sheep were markedly higher than in control animals (P < 0.01), while concentrations of Cd and Pb in blood and hair samples from local residents were markedly higher than in control samples (P < 0.01). The occurrence of anemia in affected humans and animals followed a hypochromic and microcytic pattern. The intake of Cd and Pb was estimated according to herbage ingestion rates. It was found that the levels of Cd and Pb which accumulated in sheep through the ingestion of vegetation growing in the sites closest to the smelter were approximately 3.36 and 38.47 mg/kg body wt./day, respectively. Such levels surpassed the fatal dosages for sheep of 1.13 mg Cd/kg body wt/day and 4.42 mg Pb/kg body wt./day. The serum total antioxidant capacity in affected humans and animals was significantly lower than in the controls (P < 0.01). Serum protein parameters in affected humans and animals were significantly reduced (P < 0.01); therefore, it was concluded that heavy metal contamination caused harm to sheep, and also posed a significant risk to humans living in the vicinity of the zinc smelting facility.

Highlights

The Wumeng mountain area is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest China, where the three provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan intersect
This study aimed to investigate the effects of heavy metal contamination on human health in individuals living in the vicinity of a zinc smelting facility in the Wumeng mountain area in the Southwest China
Local residents suffered by heavy metal contamination

Summary

Introduction

The Wumeng mountain area is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest China, where the three provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan intersect. The area is an important pasture land for sheep, and sheep farming is vital to the production system in the Wumeng mountain area as animals provide meat, wool, and hides for local residents [1,2]. Industrial emissions of Cd are the largest source of environmentally hazardous amounts of Cd [6,7], and the most polluting industries are those associated with mining and smelting, followed by manufacturing, with losses of heavy metals from manufactured products during use and when discarded. The reclamation and use of waste products contaminated with Cd can Pb to pollution [8,9]. Pb is considered to be a major environmental contaminant and has been more widely reported as a cause of accidental poisoning in humans and livestock than any other substance [10]. Both metals generate similar health effects, and the effects are additive [15,16]

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion