Abstract
The effect of ethanol on the transport of amino acids across the human placenta was studied in the dual perfusion apparatus using a non-metabolizable α-amino isobutyric acid (AIB). Results were obtained for thirty intact whole human placentas in the absence (control group) and presence (ethanol group) of ethanol (500 - 1000 mg/dL). Experimental determinations of AIB transport at AIB concentrations of 5 - 100 mg/l, measured radioactively using (1−14 C-) AIB, were compared with a dual-active transport model. The diffusion coefficients of AIB were found to be (3.7 × 10−9 cm2/s) in the absence of ethanol and (2.3 × 10−9 cm2/s) in the presence of ethanol with no statistical difference (P = 0.25). The ratio of the fetal to maternal perfusate concentrations in the absence of ethanol (1.44) was statistically significant (P = 0.016) from the ratio in the presence of ethanol (1.20), which may indicate that active transport in the human placenta is inhibited by the presence of ethanol. The placental uptake from the maternal circulation was 2.6 (control) and 2.5 (ethanol) times greater than the uptake from the total circulation. The relative contribution of the diffusive transport to the net placental uptake of AIB from both the maternal and fetal circulations was less than that of active transport regardless of the presence of ethanol: control (38%) and ethanol (35%). It appears that the placental tissue plays the role of a mediator to maintain a fetal concentration higher than the maternal one by either enhancing the transfer from the maternal to the placental tissue or impairing the transfer in the opposite direction.
Highlights
The placenta is the site of absorption and transfer of nutrients for fetal growth and development
Directionality of AIB transport from maternal to fetal circulations was demonstrated in the dually-perfused human placental lobule [20, 28]
The statistical result shows that the diffusion coefficients of AIB in the human placenta are 3.7 × 10−9 cm2/sec and 2.3 × 10−9 cm2/sec for control and ethanol groups, respectively
Summary
The placenta is the site of absorption and transfer of nutrients for fetal growth and development. Without adequate supplies of amino acids and energy, cell functions break down, and normal processes of growth cannot occur. Experimental results from the perfusion of the whole human placenta at term were presented with the purpose of understanding the transplacental transport of amino acids in the absence or presence of ethanol, using a non metabolizable amino acid analog (αα-amino isobutyric acids: AIB). A one-dimensional mathematical model with three compartments was constructed to characterize the amino acid transport mechanism in the human placenta
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