Abstract
Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) by measuring the levels of alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the periodontal tissues and serum on the periodontal repair process related to experimental periodontitis in rats.Methodology Forty Wistar rats were divided into four study groups as follows: Group 1=healthy control (n=10); Group 2=EA control (15 mg/kg)(n=10); Group 3=periodontitis (n=10); Group 4=periodontitis+EA (15 mg/kg) (n=10). The periodontitis model was established by ligating bilateral mandibular first molars for 14 days. Then, rats were given normal saline or EA for another 14 days by gavage administration. Serum and gingiva myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), and glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed by ELISA. İmmunohistochemical analysis was used to detect Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) immunoreactivities in the periodontal tissues. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) and attachment loss (AL) was evaluated by histomorphometry analysis.Results ABL and AL were statistically higher in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 and in group 4 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). MPO activities in gingival tissue and serum were significantly increased in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Significantly higher serum GSH levels, lower gingiva, and serum 8-OHdG levels, and MPO activity were observed in group 4 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). Rats with periodontitis (group 3) expressed significantly higher immunoreactivities of IL-6 and TNF-α and lower IL-10 immunoreactivity compared to those other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α immunoreactivities significantly decreased and IL-10 immunoreactivity increased in group 4 after the use of EA compared to group 3 (p<0.001).Conclusions Our findings showed that EA provides significant improvements on gingival oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and alveolar bone resorption in the repair process associated with experimental periodontitis. Therefore, EA may have a therapeutic potential on periodontitis.
Highlights
Periodontitis is one of the most widespread infectious inflammatory diseases
This study aims to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) by measuring the levels of alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the periodontal tissues and serum on the periodontal repair process related to experimental periodontitis in rats
Our findings showed that EA provides significant improvements on gingival oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and alveolar bone resorption in the repair process associated with experimental periodontitis
Summary
Periodontitis is one of the most widespread infectious inflammatory diseases. It occurs due to an imbalance between dental plaque bacteria and the host’s inflammatory and immune responses. During periodontitis, host cells produce excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as those produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, in response to bacterial infiltration. Host cells produce excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as those produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, in response to bacterial infiltration. The release of these markers leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues.. Pharmacologic agents (antiseptics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) are used as adjunctive therapy to ensure the destruction of microorganisms.6 When these drugs are used systemically with high doses, they can lead to complications such as antibiotic resistance and other side effects.. The elimination of microbial dental biofilms is essential to the treatment of periodontal diseases. Mechanical removal (scaling and root planning) is not sufficient for the complete elimination of periodontal microflora. pharmacologic agents (antiseptics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) are used as adjunctive therapy to ensure the destruction of microorganisms. When these drugs are used systemically with high doses, they can lead to complications such as antibiotic resistance and other side effects. This is the reason why alternative natural products are needed for therapeutic use. For such purpose, polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects have been suggested as potential candidates. Polyphenols have been reported to have several biological activities; they prevent oral disease, inactivate bacterial toxins, promote the antioxidant activity of oral fluids, exhibit antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens, and can inhibit the proteolytic activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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