Abstract
The effects of domain-specific (i.e., occupational, leisure-time on workday, and holiday) sitting time (ST), and exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) development are insufficiently studied. The present study aimed to examine the single and combined effects of each domain-specific ST and exercise habits on MetS. The total and domain-specific STs of 5530 participants were collected using a validated questionnaire. The multiple logistic regression analyses determined the effects of each domain-specific ST and exercise habit on MetS. Of all participants, 7.8% had MetS. Odds ratios (ORs) for MetS were significant only in the group with the longest leisure-time ST on holidays (OR, 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–1.83); we found no significant associations with any other domain-specific ST after statistical adjustment for confounders. The no-habitual-exercise group clearly had a higher risk for MetS (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.15–1.80). The significantly higher ORs for MetS was shown in only the combined longer total ST (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.12–2.39) and holiday ST (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.30–2.59) with no habitual exercise. These findings suggested that accumulated daily total ST, particularly leisure-time ST on holidays with no-habitual exercise, can increase the risk of MetS and it could possibly be mitigated by habitual exercise.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a large and growing public health problem [1,2]
Participants were recruited with the goal of sampling a wide range of employment types, based on the composition ratio of employed persons according to sex, age group (20 to 65 years old), and industry type listed in the 2017 Japan Labor Force
Our study confirmed that accumulating daily sitting time (ST), in leisure time on holiday, can increase the risk of MetS and its components, and that occupational ST may be less harmful than total and leisure-time ST on holiday for MetS risk
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a large and growing public health problem [1,2]. Because of the health consequences associated with the high prevalence of MetS, understanding the determinants ofMetS is important. A recent meta-analysis by Edwardson et al [9] found that those who spent large amounts of time sitting increased their odds of developing MetS by 73%. Most of these studies focused on fragments of daily activity, such as watching television (TV) or using computers in leisure time. The worker’s living activity-time questionnaire (WLAQ) includes questions pertaining to when individuals perform certain activities such as going to bed, waking, leaving the house, and arriving at and leaving the workplace With these questions, it is possible to calculate working hours, leisure time, and sleep time. Once we learn the proportional time a participant spends sitting, we can calculate the actual number of minutes per day participants spend sitting or walking/standing during the typical periods in a worker’s life: a) working time, b) leisure time on a workday, and c) holidays
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