The effect of dietary krill supplementation on epithelium-associated bacteria in the hindgut of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a microbial and electron microscopical study

Abstract

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed fishmeal protein for 46 days, and 500 g kg−1 of fishmeal protein substituted with meal from Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica). No differences were observed in weight gain, length gain, feed conversion or specific growth rate between the groups that could be attributed to dietary manipulation. The adherent microbiota in the hindgut of the two rearing groups were further investigated. By substituting fishmeal with krillmeal, the total viable counts of aerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria colonizing the hindgut of Atlantic salmon increased from 8.5 × 104 to 2.2 × 106. Furthermore, dietary krillmeal affected the adherent hindgut microbiota. The Gram-positive bacteria Carnobacteria piscicola, Microbacterium oxydans, Microbacterium luteolum and Staphylococcus equorum spp. linens and the Gram-negatives Psychrobacter spp. and Psychrobacter glacincola were not isolated from hindgut of fish fed the krill diet. On the other hand, Pseudomonas fulgida, Pseudomonas reactans and Stenotrophomonas maltophila were not isolated from the control group fed fishmeal. Acinetobacter lwoffi, which is not normally found in the fish gut, was isolated from both feeding groups. Transmission electron microscopy showed bacteria-like profiles between the hindgut microvilli in both feeding groups indicating autochthonous microbiota. When fish were fed the krill diet, hindgut enterocytes were replete with numerous irregular vacuoles. These vacuoles were not observed in fish fed the fishmeal protein.