Abstract
Approximately 25–50% of the population worldwide exhibits serum triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL) which are associated with an increased level of highly atherogenic remnant-like particles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis risk. High serum TG levels could be related to cardiovascular disease, which is the most prevalent cause of mortality in Western countries. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is multifactorial and can be classified as primary and secondary causes. Among the primary causes are genetic disorders. On the other hand, secondary causes of HTG comprise lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and drugs. Among lifestyle changes, adequate diets and nutrition are the initial steps to treat and prevent serum lipid alterations. Dietary intervention for HTG is recommended in order to modify the amount of macronutrients. Macronutrient distribution changes such as fat or protein, low-carbohydrate diets, and caloric restriction seem to be effective strategies in reducing TG levels. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet is the dietary pattern with the most consistent evidence for efficacy in HTG while the use of omega-3 supplements consumption is the dietary component with the highest number of randomized clinical trials (RCT) carried out with effective results on reducing TG. The aim of this review was to provide a better comprehension between human nutrition and lipid metabolism.
Highlights
Triglycerides (TG) are lipids conformed by three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule and their main function is to store energy as fat in the adipose tissue (AT)
After four weeks of intervention, separated by four weeks of washout period between each regimen, the results showed that fasting serum TG concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) following 4 weeks of consuming the low-fat (LF) diet (118 ± 44.8 mg/dL (1.33 ± 0.51 mmol/L)) compared with the very low-carbohydrate diet including more animal products (VLCA) (93.1 ± 31.38 mg/dL (1.05 ± 0.35 mmol/L)) and very low-carbohydrate diet that is plant- and mushroom-based (VLCPM) (92.1 ± 37.0 mg/dL (1.04 ± 0.42 mmol/L)) [27]
Because as a result of the searches it was the only legume evaluated in randomized clinical trials (RCT) with primary or secondary TG outcomes
Summary
Triglycerides (TG) are lipids conformed by three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule and their main function is to store energy as fat in the adipose tissue (AT). TG are transported within chylomicrons through the circulation in order to be delivered to extrahepatic tissues and the liver [2]. The liver releases very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and these lipoproteins perform a similar transport of TG as the chylomicron. Lipoproteins have different activities and functions depending on the combination of apolipoproteins (Apo) they contain; these Apos interact with receptors in the tissue to perform the lipid delivery [3]. Chylomicrons hold Apo-B48 and VLDL carries Apo-B100 in their structure when synthesized; both lipoproteins accept Apo-CII and Apo-E from HDL afterward when in circulation [4]. Chylomicrons contain Apo-A1, A2, A3, A5, and CIII, their function is not well established [5]
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