Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and it is gradually increasing. Individuals with CKD should introduce appropriate measures to hamper the progression of kidney function deterioration as well as prevent the development or progression of CKD-related diseases. A kidney-friendly diet may help to protect kidneys from further damage. Patients with kidney damage should limit the intake of certain foods to reduce the accumulation of unexcreted metabolic products and also to protect against hypertension, proteinuria and other heart and bone health problems. Despite the fact that the influence of certain types of nutrients has been widely studied in relation to kidney function and overall health in CKD patients, there are few studies on the impact of a specific diet on their survival. Animal studies demonstrated prolonged survival of rats with CKD fed with protein-restricted diets. In humans, the results of studies are conflicting. Some of them indicate slowing down of the progression of kidney disease and reduction in proteinuria, but other underline significant worsening of patients’ nutritional state, which can be dangerous. A recent systemic study revealed that a healthy diet comprising many fruits and vegetables, fish, legumes, whole grains, and fibers and also the cutting down on red meat, sodium, and refined sugar intake was associated with lower mortality in people with kidney disease. The aim of this paper is to review the results of studies concerning the impact of diet on the survival of CKD patients.
Highlights
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and it is gradually increasing
Comparative, randomized controlled trial which compared the effect of 36 months of dietary acid reduction with added daily oral NaHCO3 (HCO3 ) or added fruit and vegetables (F and V) on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other kidney parameters supported the thesis that a base-producing F and V diet in individuals with metabolic acidosis and stage 3 CKD increased plasma TCO2, and reduced urine excretion of angiotensinogen and preserved eGFR [65]
Several studies demonstrated that a very-low protein diet supplemented with amino acids and ketoacids (s-very low protein diet (VLPD)), providing 0.3–0.5 g protein/kg BW/day, improved several metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperphosphatasemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperparathyroidism and dyslipidemia in non-dialysis patients with moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) [111,112,113]
Summary
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and it is gradually increasing. Persons with CKD should introduce appropriate measures to hamper the progression of kidney function deterioration as well as to prevent the development or progression of CKD-related diseases. In early CKD stages the adoption of healthy diet might slow glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and decrease the prevalence of complete kidney failure [3]. Patients with kidney damage should limit the intake of certain foods to reduce the accumulation of unexcreted metabolic products and to protect against hypertension, proteinuria and other heart and bone health problems. Despite the fact that the influence of certain types of nutrients has been widely studied in relation to kidney function and overall health condition of CKD patients, there are few studies on the impact of specific diet on their survival
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