Abstract
The consumption of fruits and vegetables appears to help with maintaining an adequate level of exercise and improves endurance. However, the mechanisms that are involved in this process are not well understood. In the current study, the impact of diets enriched in fruits and vegetables (GrandFusion®) on exercise endurance was examined in a mouse model. GrandFusion (GF) diets increased mitochondrial DNA and enzyme activity, while they also stimulated mitochondrial mRNA synthesis in vivo. GF diets increased both the mRNA expression of factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), cytochrome c oxidase IV (COXIV) and ATP synthase (ATPsyn). Mice treated with GF diets showed an increase in running endurance, rotarod perseverance and grip strength when compared to controls who were on a regular diet. In addition, GF diets increased the protein expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), PGC-1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ), which was greater than exercise-related changes. Finally, GF reduced the expression of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p-S6K1) and decreased autophagy. These results demonstrate that GF diets enhance exercise endurance, which is mediated via mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
Highlights
The maintenance of regular physical activity throughout life is important for a healthy existence and long-term viability in humans [1]
S6 kinase 1 (p-S6K1) and decreased autophagy. These results demonstrate that GF diets enhance exercise endurance, which is mediated via mitochondrial biogenesis and function
We examined how diets that are rich in vegetables and fruits can have an effect on the control of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and found that long-term feeding of effect on the control of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and found that long-term feeding these diets for 20 weeks increased skeletal muscle mitochondria and mitochondrial function, which of these diets for 20 weeks increased skeletal muscle mitochondria and mitochondrial function, which enhanced the exercise endurance
Summary
The maintenance of regular physical activity throughout life is important for a healthy existence and long-term viability in humans [1]. An increase in the mitochondrial number and performance is critical in improving physical performance and overall well-being [3]. Studies have shown that exercise increases mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity, which occurs in skeletal muscle [4]. Fast (type II) muscle fibers [5]. Type I and type IIa fibers undergo oxidative metabolism, are rich in mitochondria and are fatigue resistant [6]. Slow-twitch muscle fibers generate less power and strength than fast-twitch fibers, but they can sustain activity for longer [7]. Fast-twitch muscle fibers generate far more power and strength, but they fatigue much faster and require more time for recovery. The slow-twitch fibers are metabolically adaptive and can improve mitochondrial function and outcomes under specific conditions [8]
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