The effect of deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with an H1 coil on hopelessness in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objectives To assess the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with an H1 coil as a treatment for hopelessness in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods We conducted a randomised controlled trial in a tertiary psychiatric institution in Croatia, including patients diagnosed with MDD without psychotic symptoms and with clinically relevant hopelessness. High-frequency (18 Hz) rTMS with an H1 coil was administered over four weeks on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We examined changes in the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) scores. Results We randomly assigned 51 participants to the intervention group (rTMS plus standard therapy) and 52 to the control group (standard therapy). The mean (SD) ages were 50 (12.3) and 50 (10.4) years, and 47% and 52% of the participants were females in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Following treatment, the BHS scores decreased (unadjusted bivariate analysis, p = 0.043; false discovery rate (FDR) >5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the BHS score was reduced by 10.8% (95% confidence interval (CI: −17.8% to −3.9%) in the rTMS group and 0.7% (95% CI: 7.5% −6.1%) in the control group (p = 0.037; FDR < 5%). Conclusions rTMS with an H1 coil improved the symptoms of hopelessness in patients with MDD.